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b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. b. c. psychoanalytic theory. b. exposure Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. 99. b. accepting problematic thoughts. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Participants have similar issues. Respondent conditioning. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. c. superego. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. c. paradigms. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. 23. c. operant conditioning. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. 106. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. How so? b. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. 128. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Choose one answer. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). 2.3.3.4. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. 68. 2.3.2.5. The brain. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. They are tied to experiences early in life. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. A) illogical thinking patterns. 52. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. c. phallic stage. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). Figure 2.2. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Think of it as an If-Then statement. d. behavioral. Right? also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. b. repression. d. existential, 125. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. b. psychoanalysis. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. b. a distorted view of the self. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. 166. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. b. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. What is that factor? The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. 2.2.2. 70. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. 157. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. b. exposure therapy. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. c. operant conditioning. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? 2.2.1.6. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 39. d. object relations. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. 65. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. 2.3.3.3. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. In the case of men. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. 18. Banduras Classic Experiment. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. 164. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? c. double-blind studies. b. Rogers. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. d. classical conditioning. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." 66. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. 25. b. good long-term prognoses. b. hypotheses. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. a. b. humanistic. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. b. laissez-faire parenting style. c. operant conditioning. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. Neurotransmitters. c. psychosurgery. In this case, extinction continues. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. b. modeling. b. cultural. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Chapter Recap. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. 28. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). 159. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? 140. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Simply: Figure 2.1. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). 121. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy.